In vitro iron nanoparticles modulate ginsenoside biosynthesis and trigger ROS-mediated stress response in ginseng adventitious roots
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Journal. Journal of Ginseng Research.50:101118
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Background
Enhancing ginsenoside accumulation is essential for improving the medicinal quality of Panax ginseng. Although iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) have emerged as promising elicitors of secondary metabolism, their specific effects on ginsenoside biosynthesis remains elusive.
Methods
Ginseng adventitious roots were treated with Fe-NP treatment in comparison with a conventional iron source (Fe3O4). Physiological responses, ginsenoside profiles, and the expression of key biosynthetic and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes were analyzed to compare elicitation efficiency and potential toxicity.
Results
At a lower concentration (10 ϻM), Fe-NP concentrations markedly induced key ginsenoside-biosynthetic genes and increased total ginsenoside content by 14-16%, whereas equivalent concentrations of Fe3O4 caused no significant metabolic changes, demonstrating the superior elicitation efficiency of the nanoparticle formulation. In contrast, higher Fe-NP doses (50-100 μM) caused iron toxicity and suppressed ginsenoside accumulation, likely through excessive ROS generation as supported by strong induction of ROS-detoxification genes. Notably, ginsenoside Re levels increased under iron stress, suggesting a potential antioxidative role.
Conclusion
Overall, our findings reveal a dose-dependent dual effect of Fe-NPs, promoting ginsenoside biosynthesis at optimal doses while triggering ROS-mediated suppression at higher levels, and highlight the importance of precise Fe-NP dosage optimization for biotechnological applications.
Enhancing ginsenoside accumulation is essential for improving the medicinal quality of Panax ginseng. Although iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) have emerged as promising elicitors of secondary metabolism, their specific effects on ginsenoside biosynthesis remains elusive.
Methods
Ginseng adventitious roots were treated with Fe-NP treatment in comparison with a conventional iron source (Fe3O4). Physiological responses, ginsenoside profiles, and the expression of key biosynthetic and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes were analyzed to compare elicitation efficiency and potential toxicity.
Results
At a lower concentration (10 ϻM), Fe-NP concentrations markedly induced key ginsenoside-biosynthetic genes and increased total ginsenoside content by 14-16%, whereas equivalent concentrations of Fe3O4 caused no significant metabolic changes, demonstrating the superior elicitation efficiency of the nanoparticle formulation. In contrast, higher Fe-NP doses (50-100 μM) caused iron toxicity and suppressed ginsenoside accumulation, likely through excessive ROS generation as supported by strong induction of ROS-detoxification genes. Notably, ginsenoside Re levels increased under iron stress, suggesting a potential antioxidative role.
Conclusion
Overall, our findings reveal a dose-dependent dual effect of Fe-NPs, promoting ginsenoside biosynthesis at optimal doses while triggering ROS-mediated suppression at higher levels, and highlight the importance of precise Fe-NP dosage optimization for biotechnological applications.